A Review on Development of Municipal Solid Waste Re-Derived Fuel Pellets from Mixed Municipal Solid Waste Using Smart Machine

Abstract

Municipal Solid Waste Management (MSW) and devise cost effective system which may ensure adequate level of MSW services to cities, segregation, treatment and disposal of Solid waste in an environmentally acceptable manner The wastes generated are either dumped in lands or find their way to the water bodies. This results in severe land, waste and air pollution. Our country generates thousand tons of municipal solid waste daily. So we have huge potential of energy generation from waste. Many countries are suffering from waste disposal problems and fuel shortages. To solve both waste and energy problems simultaneously, the refuse derived fuel (RDF) approach has been utilized in many countries. The purpose of study is to evaluate the energy potential of the RDF obtained from utilizing processed solid waste generated from the smart Dross Machine.

Introduction

I. INTRODUCTION

The Municipal Solid Waste or garbage is the unavoidable consequence of human civilization. Its production has been increased many folds with increasing population, urbanization, economic activities, income and their demand.

The increase of the quality of human life as well as rapid economic development  and industry have  created  a  huge  volume  of  solid  waste  (SW),  which  has  become  one  of  the  most  critical current  environmental  problems.  Many methods have successfully been used to dispose of different types of solid waste. Each disposal method has its advantages and disadvantages. Land filling  is  a  long-standing  disposal  option;  however,  it  is  not  a  very  suitable  disposal  method because of leachate problems and scarce available space. Bioremediation is an approach which decomposes waste; however, it is only suitable for biodegradable waste. Dumping into the ocean is one of the cheapest disposal methods but also the most harmful to the marine environment. Therefore, dumping is no longer allowed in many countries. Thermal treatment by using incineration technology has been proven to be an attractive method of waste disposal for many years. Incineration has been widely used because it is capable of reducing approximately 90% of the  original  volume  and  75%  of  original  weight  of  SW  and  can  provide  energy  recovery. However, incineration has the drawbacks of producing ash and hazardous air pollutants such as dioxins and furans. Much of the solid waste can be transformed into useful products, and thus the proportion  of  solid  waste  that  is  being  recycled,  reused  and  recovered  is  increasing. Many countries are suffering from waste disposal problems and fuel shortages. To solve both waste and energy  problems  simultaneously,  the  refuse  derived  fuel  (RDF)  approach  has  been  utilized  in many countries. Before being incinerated, solid waste is classified based on combustible capacity and then materials with a high calorific content are used to produce RDF. The major advantages of  the  RDF  approach  are  a  large  reduction  of  the  volume  and  an  effective  utilization  of  SW available for a reusable energy form.

Type of Solid Waste:

Biodegradable Waste

Biodegradable  wastes  are  the  waste  materials  that  are  and  can  be  easily  degraded  by  natural factors like microbes (e.g. bacteria, fungi and a few others), abiotic components like temperature, UV,  oxygen,  etc.  few  examples  of  such  wastes  are  kitchen  wastes,  food  materials,  and  other natural  wastes.

Non Biodegradable Waste

Waste  that  cannot  be  decomposed  or  degraded  by  the  biological  process  is  known  as  “Non- biodegradable  wastes”.  Most  of  them  include  the  inorganic  waste  that  is  non-biodegradable cannot  be  decomposed  or  degraded  by  natural  agents. 

They remain on earth for thousands of years without any degradation or decomposition.

Waste Problems:

Improper handling and disposal of solid waste has multi-dimensional impact on human and environmental well-being. Improper dumping can lead to:

1. Pollution of air, soil, and water,
2. Contamination of surface and ground water supplies,
3.  Clogging of drains,
4. Creation of stagnant water for insect breeding,
5. Floods in the plains and
6. Landslides in the hilly areas during rainy seasons.

Refuse Derived Fuel (RDF)

It is made from a common practice of segregation of solid waste to separate the combustible fraction from the non- combustibles, such as metal glass and cinders in MSW. RDF is predominantly composed of paper, plastic, wood, and yard wastes and has slightly higher energy content than untreated MSW, with gross calorific value typically in the range of 1800 to 2500 Kcal/kg. But RDF is slightly costlier in handling and transportation and can be used in cement plants kiln, the use of RDF for general purposes is negligible. Hence it is not considered a self-sustainable product.

MSWDFP MADE FROM MIXED MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTE USING SMART MACHINE”

Municipal Solid Waste Re-Derived Fuel Pellets (MSWDFP) are made from mixed municipal solid wastes, inclusive of biodegradable and non-biodegradable along with sanitary and baby napkins using Dross Magic instant & mixed multiple wastes disposals an indigenous innovative machines. MSWDFP is predominantly composed of multiple mixed municipal solid wastes inclusive of biodegradable and non-biodegradable along with sanitary and baby napkins and has considerably higher energy content than RDF, with gross calorific value typically in the range of 4500 to 5000 Kcal/kg. Although heating values are vary, depending upon the composition of waste and availability of higher fuel value materials like plastic and polythene, etc.

II. NEED AND SCOPE OF STUDY

The existing systems for the collection, transportation and disposal of solid waste are  in chaos. The   problem   is   more   acute   as   rapidly   growing   populations   generate  increasingly   larger quantities  of  solid  waste  that  urban  governing  bodies   are  unable  to  manage   effectively. Continuous supply of energy and proper waste disposal has always been the global challenges that require continual research and development. Proper  waste  disposal  and  the  security  of  public wellbeing should be strengthened and  increased  human reproduction frequency, upgraded living quality, and  extensive  industrialization have  indisputably  increased the generated  waste  volume and demand of energy.

III. OBJECTIVES OF STUDY

The following are the objectives of the study:

1. To study the performance of waste processing by Dross Machine.
2. To carry out the analysis of machine generated processed waste and its composition.
3. To develop the pellets to use as energy.
4. To carry out Calorific values of Pellets.

IV. LITERATURE REVIEW

This section briefly reviews about the energy potential of Refuse Derived Fuel obtained from the solid waste as a fuel resource. Various study articles and reputed journals have been scanned on this topic based on which this explains the use of solid waste management techniques to convert the waste into energy by various methods. The review describes, summaries, evaluates and clarifies the literature.

Trang  T.T.  Dong,  Byeong-Kyu  Lee(2008):The  purpose  of  this  study  is  to  evaluate  the  energy potential of the RDF obtained from utilizing combustible solid waste as a fuel resource. Potential RDF  resources  based  on  combustible  solid  wastes  including  wastepaper,  wood,  rubber,  plastic, synthetic resins and industrial sludge were identified. The total obtainable energy value from the RDF resources in the industrial city was more than 2,240,000 106 kcal/yr.

R.P. Singh, V.V. Tyagi, Tanu Allen, M. Hakimi Ibrahim, Richa Kothari(2011): In this paper an attempt has been made to provide a comprehensive review of MSW management to evaluate the current  status  of  waste  to  energy  facilities  for  sustainable  management, which  will  be  helpful  in tackling this huge quantity of waste and the problem of energy crisis.

It shows that waste to energy facility is not only possible but necessary in order to meet the demands of growing population and to improve environmental crisis in both developed and developing countries.

JeongInGug,  David  Cacciola  et  al  (2014):  This  study  aims  to  investigate  the  effects  of processing conditions and added recyclable plastics on the properties of MSW solid fuels. A well-sorted  waste  stream  high  in  paper  and  fiber  content  was  combined  with  controlled  levels  of recyclable plastics PE, PP, PET and PS and formed into briquettes using a compression molding technique.  The  effect  of  added  plastics  and  moisture  content  on  binding  attraction  and  energy efficiency  were  investigated. 

Yan Yang,et  al  (2015):Dwindling  fossil  fuels  and   improper  waste   management  are  major challenges in the context of increasing population and industrialization, calling for new waste-to- energy  sources. The  production  cost  of energy via refuse-derived fuel gasification is estimated at 0.05 USD/kWh.

K.  K.  Ummatin,  Q.  A.  M.  O.  Arifianti,  A.  Hani  and  Y.  Annissa,(2019):  This  study  is  to investigate the RDF quality standard that is in accordance with the needs of the cement industry and evaluate the RDF production process. Quality Function Development (QFD) method is used to determine the parameters of RDF quality standards that are suitable for the cement industry. The results of the QFD analysis show that there are six main characteristics in the RDF quality standard based on importance response, including RDF 3-5 cm, particulate 80 mg/Nm3, humidity level ≤20%,  mercury  5  mg/Nm3,  calorific  value  ≥  2500  kcal/kg  and  low  ash  content. 

Alisha Das, RoopaManjunatha et al (2021): This paper deals with Waste generation rates rising around the world as the result of rapid population growth and urbanization. . This paper focuses to segregate waste into dry and wet waste on the basis of the change in relative humidity in the presence of wet waste. The proposed model is cost effective and energy efficient.

Vinay Kumar Tyagi a,* , AparnaKapoor b et al(2021): This studies the long-term feasibility analysis  of  a  100  ton  per  day  mechanical  biological  treatment  (MBT)  plant  for  municipal  solid waste  (MSW)  valorization  and  material  and  energy  recovery  was  carried  out. . This study presents a cutting- edge  scenario  of  all-inclusive  recycling,  recovery,  and  reuse  loop  of  MSW  direly  required  for accomplishing a circular economy.

Fei,  Fan;  Wen,  Zonguo;  Huang,  Shengbiao;  De  Clercq,  Djavan  (2018).According  to  this paper,Municipal  solid  waste (MSW)  is  treated  mainly  via  landfill  and  incineration  in  most countries. The  results  showed  that  raw  MSW landfill was the worst management option. Incineration had higher energy efficienc (20.5% energy recovery), but the large amounts of chemicals consumption for fly ash and exhaust treatment were also  issues  leading  to  relatively  higher  life  cycle   environmental  impacts.

V. GAPS IN LITRATURE REVIEW

1. Number of researchers have studied various techniques such as incineration aerobic digestion composting,  etc  to  the  conversion  of  solid  waste  to  another  form  but  all  of  them  causes pollution in one way or another and is also time taking.
2. Absence of proper waste management technique to convert waste into green coal.
3. Most of the research work till date is focused on the particular   type of solid waste reduction but not on the waste management technique which applied to the all type of waste.
4. he moisture content property of the rdf produced by the various applied techniques in past needs to be taken care of as it affects the calorific value of the fuel.

VI. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

VII. EXPECTED OUTCOME

The expected outcome of this study is as given below: -

1. The problem of solid waste disposal can be solved efficiently.
2. The fuel derived from this machine can be used as a future alternative to the traditional coal fuel.
3. It ensures the protection of environment through an effective waste management system.
4.  Briquettes made from this rdf is eco friendly and has high calorific value.

Conclusion

In the present situation, both Waste Management and energy generation is becoming key challenge in our country. Waste can become the source of energy and we can move towards a sustainable future. Huge study and research has been done and are still going onto make the processes easy. It is aimed to convert MMSW into fuel pellets and to test its calorific value. It can be used as an alternative fuel and is a cheaper alternative to the fossil fuel by providing them with a cleaner and sustainable solution.

References

[1] (Trang T.T. Dong, Byeong-Kyu Lee,(2008) Analysis of potential RDF resources from solid waste and their energy values in the largest industrial city of Korea. [2] R.P. Singh, V.V. Tyagi et al,(2011) Exploring the possibilities of energy generation solid waste [3] Gug, JeongIn; Cacciola, David; Sobkowicz, Margaret J. (2015). Processing and properties of a solid energy fuel from municipal solid waste (MSW) and recycled plastics. Waste Management, 35(),283–292. doi:10.1016/j.wasman.2014.09.031 [4] (Yang, Y., Liew, R. K., Tamothran, A. M., Foong, S. Y., Yek, P. N. Y., Chia, P. W.,Lam, S. S. (2021). Gasification of refuse-derived fuel from municipal solid waste for energy production: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, 19(3), 2127–2140.doi:10.1007/s10311-020-01177-5 [5] K. K. Ummatin,et al, (2019) \"Quality Analysis of Refused-Derived Fuel as Alternative Fuels in the Cement Industry and Its Evaluation on Production,\" 2019 International Conference on Engineering, Science, and Industrial Applications (ICESI), 2019, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/ICESI.2019.8863000. [6] Tyagi, V. K., Kapoor, A., Arora, et al (2021). Mechanical-biological treatment of municipal solid waste: Case study of 100 TPD Goa plant, India. Journal of Environmental Management, 292,112741. doi:10.1016/j.jenvman.2021.112741 [7] Fei, Fan; Wen, Zonguo; et al (2018). Mechanical biological treatment of municipal solid waste: Energy efficiency, environmental impact and economic feasibility analysis. Journal of Cleaner Production, (), S0959652618300684–. doi:10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.01.060 [8] Das A., ShuklaA,Manjunatha R and E. A. Lodhi,(2021), \"IoT based Solid Waste Segregation using Relative Humidity Values,\" 2021 Third International Conference on Intelligent Communication Technologies and Virtual Mobile Networks (ICICV), 2021, pp. 312-319, doi:10.1109/ICICV50876.2021.9388611.

Copyright

Copyright © 2022 Nikita Singh, Sanjay Sharma, Narsi Visharad. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.